Section (3) termios
Name
termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, tcflush, tcflow, cfmakeraw, cfgetospeed, cfgetispeed, cfsetispeed, cfsetospeed, cfsetspeed — get and set terminal attributes, line control, get and set baud rate
Synopsis
#include <termios.h> #include <unistd.h>
int
tcgetattr( |
int fd, |
struct termios *termios_p) ; |
int
tcsetattr( |
int fd, |
int optional_actions, | |
const struct termios *termios_p) ; |
int
tcsendbreak( |
int fd, |
int duration) ; |
int
tcdrain( |
int fd) ; |
int
tcflush( |
int fd, |
int queue_selector) ; |
int
tcflow( |
int fd, |
int action) ; |
void
cfmakeraw( |
struct termios *termios_p) ; |
speed_t
cfgetispeed( |
const struct termios *termios_p) ; |
speed_t
cfgetospeed( |
const struct termios *termios_p) ; |
int
cfsetispeed( |
struct termios *termios_p, |
speed_t speed) ; |
int
cfsetospeed( |
struct termios *termios_p, |
speed_t speed) ; |
int
cfsetspeed( |
struct termios *termios_p, |
speed_t speed) ; |
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DESCRIPTION
The termios functions describe a general terminal interface that is provided to control asynchronous communications ports.
The termios structure
Many of the functions described here have a termios_p
argument that is a
pointer to a termios
structure. This structure contains at least the following
members:
tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */ tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */ tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */ tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */ cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* special characters */
The values that may be assigned to these fields are described below. In the case of the first four bit-mask fields, the definitions of some of the associated flags that may be set are exposed only if a specific feature test macro (see feature_test_macros(7)) is defined, as noted in brackets ([]).
In the descriptions below, not in POSIX means that the value is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and XSI means that the value is specified in POSIX.1-2001 as part of the XSI extension.
c_iflag
flag constants:
IGNBRK
-
Ignore BREAK condition on input.
BRKINT
-
If
IGNBRK
is set, a BREAK is ignored. If it is not set butBRKINT
is set, then a BREAK causes the input and output queues to be flushed, and if the terminal is the controlling terminal of a foreground process group, it will cause aSIGINT
to be sent to this foreground process group. When neitherIGNBRK
norBRKINT
are set, a BREAK reads as a null byte (_zsingle_quotesz_ _zsingle_quotesz_), except whenPARMRK
is set, in which case it reads as the sequence 377 . IGNPAR
-
Ignore framing errors and parity errors.
PARMRK
-
If this bit is set, input bytes with parity or framing errors are marked when passed to the program. This bit is meaningful only when
INPCK
is set andIGNPAR
is not set. The way erroneous bytes are marked is with two preceding bytes, 377 and . Thus, the program actually reads three bytes for one erroneous byte received from the terminal. If a valid byte has the value 377, andISTRIP
(see below) is not set, the program might confuse it with the prefix that marks a parity error. Therefore, a valid byte 377 is passed to the program as two bytes, 377 377, in this case.If neither
IGNPAR
norPARMRK
is set, read a character with a parity error or framing error as . INPCK
-
Enable input parity checking.
ISTRIP
-
Strip off eighth bit.
INLCR
-
Translate NL to CR on input.
IGNCR
-
Ignore carriage return on input.
ICRNL
-
Translate carriage return to newline on input (unless
IGNCR
is set). IUCLC
-
(not in POSIX) Map uppercase characters to lowercase on input.
IXON
-
Enable XON/XOFF flow control on output.
IXANY
-
(XSI) Typing any character will restart stopped output. (The default is to allow just the START character to restart output.)
IXOFF
-
Enable XON/XOFF flow control on input.
IMAXBEL
-
(not in POSIX) Ring bell when input queue is full. Linux does not implement this bit, and acts as if it is always set.
IUTF8
(since Linux 2.6.4)-
(not in POSIX) Input is UTF8; this allows character-erase to be correctly performed in cooked mode.
c_oflag
flag constants:
OPOST
-
Enable implementation-defined output processing.
OLCUC
-
(not in POSIX) Map lowercase characters to uppercase on output.
ONLCR
-
(XSI) Map NL to CR-NL on output.
OCRNL
-
Map CR to NL on output.
ONOCR
-
Don_zsingle_quotesz_t output CR at column 0.
ONLRET
-
Don_zsingle_quotesz_t output CR.
OFILL
-
Send fill characters for a delay, rather than using a timed delay.
OFDEL
-
Fill character is ASCII DEL (0177). If unset, fill character is ASCII NUL (_zsingle_quotesz_ _zsingle_quotesz_). (Not implemented on Linux.)
NLDLY
-
Newline delay mask. Values are
NL0
andNL1
. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
or_XOPEN_SOURCE
] CRDLY
-
Carriage return delay mask. Values are
CR0
,CR1
,CR2
, orCR3
. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
or_XOPEN_SOURCE
] TABDLY
-
Horizontal tab delay mask. Values are
TAB0
,TAB1
,TAB2
,TAB3
(orXTABS
, but see theBUGS
section). A value of TAB3, that is, XTABS, expands tabs to spaces (with tab stops every eight columns). [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
or_XOPEN_SOURCE
] BSDLY
-
Backspace delay mask. Values are
BS0
orBS1
. (Has never been implemented.) [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
or_XOPEN_SOURCE
] VTDLY
-
Vertical tab delay mask. Values are
VT0
orVT1
. FFDLY
-
Form feed delay mask. Values are
FF0
orFF1
. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
or_XOPEN_SOURCE
]
c_cflag
flag constants:
CBAUD
-
(not in POSIX) Baud speed mask (4+1 bits). [requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] CBAUDEX
-
(not in POSIX) Extra baud speed mask (1 bit), included in
CBAUD
. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
](POSIX says that the baud speed is stored in the termios structure without specifying where precisely, and provides
cfgetispeed
() andcfsetispeed
() for getting at it. Some systems use bits selected byCBAUD
inc_cflag
, other systems use separate fields, for example,sg_ispeed
andsg_ospeed
.) CSIZE
-
Character size mask. Values are
CS5
,CS6
,CS7
, orCS8
. CSTOPB
-
Set two stop bits, rather than one.
CREAD
-
Enable receiver.
PARENB
-
Enable parity generation on output and parity checking for input.
PARODD
-
If set, then parity for input and output is odd; otherwise even parity is used.
HUPCL
-
Lower modem control lines after last process closes the device (hang up).
CLOCAL
-
Ignore modem control lines.
LOBLK
-
(not in POSIX) Block output from a noncurrent shell layer. For use by
shl
(shell layers). (Not implemented on Linux.) CIBAUD
-
(not in POSIX) Mask for input speeds. The values for the
CIBAUD
bits are the same as the values for theCBAUD
bits, shifted leftIBSHIFT
bits. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] (Not implemented on Linux.) CMSPAR
-
(not in POSIX) Use stick (mark/space) parity (supported on certain serial devices): if
PARODD
is set, the parity bit is always 1; ifPARODD
is not set, then the parity bit is always 0. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] CRTSCTS
-
(not in POSIX) Enable RTS/CTS (hardware) flow control. [requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
]
c_lflag
flag constants:
ISIG
-
When any of the characters INTR, QUIT, SUSP, or DSUSP are received, generate the corresponding signal.
ICANON
-
Enable canonical mode (described below).
XCASE
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) If
ICANON
is also set, terminal is uppercase only. Input is converted to lowercase, except for characters preceded by . On output, uppercase characters are preceded by and lowercase characters are converted to uppercase. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
or_XOPEN_SOURCE
] ECHO
-
Echo input characters.
ECHOE
-
If
ICANON
is also set, the ERASE character erases the preceding input character, and WERASE erases the preceding word. ECHOK
-
If
ICANON
is also set, the KILL character erases the current line. ECHONL
-
If
ICANON
is also set, echo the NL character even if ECHO is not set. ECHOCTL
-
(not in POSIX) If
ECHO
is also set, terminal special characters other than TAB, NL, START, and STOP are echoed as^X
, where X is the character with ASCII code 0x40 greater than the special character. For example, character 0x08 (BS) is echoed as^H
. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] ECHOPRT
-
(not in POSIX) If
ICANON
andECHO
are also set, characters are printed as they are being erased. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] ECHOKE
-
(not in POSIX) If
ICANON
is also set, KILL is echoed by erasing each character on the line, as specified byECHOE
andECHOPRT
. [requires_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] DEFECHO
-
(not in POSIX) Echo only when a process is reading. (Not implemented on Linux.)
FLUSHO
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) Output is being flushed. This flag is toggled by typing the DISCARD character. [requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] NOFLSH
-
Disable flushing the input and output queues when generating signals for the INT, QUIT, and SUSP characters.
TOSTOP
-
Send the
SIGTTOU
signal to the process group of a background process which tries to write to its controlling terminal. PENDIN
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) All characters in the input queue are reprinted when the next character is read. (bash(1) handles typeahead this way.) [requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or_SVID_SOURCE
] IEXTEN
-
Enable implementation-defined input processing. This flag, as well as
ICANON
must be enabled for the special characters EOL2, LNEXT, REPRINT, WERASE to be interpreted, and for theIUCLC
flag to be effective.
The c_cc
array defines the
terminal special characters. The symbolic indices (initial
values) and meaning are:
VDISCARD
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 017, SI, Ctrl-O) Toggle: start/stop discarding pending output. Recognized when
IEXTEN
is set, and then not passed as input. VDSUSP
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 031, EM, Ctrl-Y) Delayed suspend character (DSUSP): send
SIGTSTP
signal when the character is read by the user program. Recognized whenIEXTEN
andISIG
are set, and the system supports job control, and then not passed as input. VEOF
-
(004, EOT, Ctrl-D) End-of-file character (EOF). More precisely: this character causes the pending tty buffer to be sent to the waiting user program without waiting for end-of-line. If it is the first character of the line, the read(2) in the user program returns 0, which signifies end-of-file. Recognized when
ICANON
is set, and then not passed as input. VEOL
-
(0, NUL) Additional end-of-line character (EOL). Recognized when
ICANON
is set. VEOL2
-
(not in POSIX; 0, NUL) Yet another end-of-line character (EOL2). Recognized when
ICANON
is set. VERASE
-
(0177, DEL, rubout, or 010, BS, Ctrl-H, or also #) Erase character (ERASE). This erases the previous not-yet-erased character, but does not erase past EOF or beginning-of-line. Recognized when
ICANON
is set, and then not passed as input. VINTR
-
(003, ETX, Ctrl-C, or also 0177, DEL, rubout) Interrupt character (INTR). Send a
SIGINT
signal. Recognized whenISIG
is set, and then not passed as input. VKILL
-
(025, NAK, Ctrl-U, or Ctrl-X, or also @) Kill character (KILL). This erases the input since the last EOF or beginning-of-line. Recognized when
ICANON
is set, and then not passed as input. VLNEXT
-
(not in POSIX; 026, SYN, Ctrl-V) Literal next (LNEXT). Quotes the next input character, depriving it of a possible special meaning. Recognized when
IEXTEN
is set, and then not passed as input. VMIN
-
Minimum number of characters for noncanonical read (MIN).
VQUIT
-
(034, FS, Ctrl-) Quit character (QUIT). Send
SIGQUIT
signal. Recognized whenISIG
is set, and then not passed as input. VREPRINT
-
(not in POSIX; 022, DC2, Ctrl-R) Reprint unread characters (REPRINT). Recognized when
ICANON
andIEXTEN
are set, and then not passed as input. VSTART
-
(021, DC1, Ctrl-Q) Start character (START). Restarts output stopped by the Stop character. Recognized when
IXON
is set, and then not passed as input. VSTATUS
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; status request: 024, DC4, Ctrl-T). Status character (STATUS). Display status information at terminal, including state of foreground process and amount of CPU time it has consumed. Also sends a
SIGINFO
signal (not supported on Linux) to the foreground process group. VSTOP
-
(023, DC3, Ctrl-S) Stop character (STOP). Stop output until Start character typed. Recognized when
IXON
is set, and then not passed as input. VSUSP
-
(032, SUB, Ctrl-Z) Suspend character (SUSP). Send
SIGTSTP
signal. Recognized whenISIG
is set, and then not passed as input. VSWTCH
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 0, NUL) Switch character (SWTCH). Used in System V to switch shells in shell layers, a predecessor to shell job control.
VTIME
-
Timeout in deciseconds for noncanonical read (TIME).
VWERASE
-
(not in POSIX; 027, ETB, Ctrl-W) Word erase (WERASE). Recognized when
ICANON
andIEXTEN
are set, and then not passed as input.
An individual terminal special character can be disabled
by setting the value of the corresponding c_cc
element to _POSIX_VDISABLE
.
The above symbolic subscript values are all different,
except that VTIME
,
VMIN
may have the same value
as VEOL
, VEOF
, respectively. In noncanonical mode
the special character meaning is replaced by the timeout
meaning. For an explanation of VMIN
and VTIME
, see the description of
noncanonical mode below.
Retrieving and changing terminal settings
tcgetattr
() gets the
parameters associated with the object referred by
fd
and stores them
in the termios structure
referenced by termios_p
. This function may
be invoked from a background process; however, the terminal
attributes may be subsequently changed by a foreground
process.
tcsetattr
() sets the
parameters associated with the terminal (unless support is
required from the underlying hardware that is not
available) from the termios
structure referred to by termios_p
. optional_actions
specifies
when the changes take effect:
TCSANOW
-
the change occurs immediately.
TCSADRAIN
-
the change occurs after all output written to
fd
has been transmitted. This option should be used when changing parameters that affect output. TCSAFLUSH
-
the change occurs after all output written to the object referred by
fd
has been transmitted, and all input that has been received but not read will be discarded before the change is made.
Canonical and noncanonical mode
The setting of the ICANON
canon flag in c_lflag
determines whether the terminal is operating in canonical
mode (ICANON
set) or
noncanonical mode (ICANON
unset). By default, ICANON
is
set.
In canonical mode:
-
Input is made available line by line. An input line is available when one of the line delimiters is typed (NL, EOL, EOL2; or EOF at the start of line). Except in the case of EOF, the line delimiter is included in the buffer returned by read(2).
-
Line editing is enabled (ERASE, KILL; and if the
IEXTEN
flag is set: WERASE, REPRINT, LNEXT). A read(2) returns at most one line of input; if the read(2) requested fewer bytes than are available in the current line of input, then only as many bytes as requested are read, and the remaining characters will be available for a future read(2). -
The maximum line length is 4096 chars (including the terminating newline character); lines longer than 4096 chars are truncated. After 4095 characters, input processing (e.g.,
ISIG
andECHO*
processing) continues, but any input data after 4095 characters up to (but not including) any terminating newline is discarded. This ensures that the terminal can always receive more input until at least one line can be read.
In noncanonical mode input is available immediately
(without the user having to type a line-delimiter
character), no input processing is performed, and line
editing is disabled. The read buffer will only accept 4095
chars; this provides the necessary space for a newline char
if the input mode is switched to canonical. The settings of
MIN (c_cc[VMIN]
)
and TIME (c_cc[VTIME]
) determine the
circumstances in which a read(2) completes; there
are four distinct cases:
MIN == 0, TIME == 0
(polling read
)-
If data is available, read(2) returns immediately, with the lesser of the number of bytes available, or the number of bytes requested. If no data is available, read(2) returns 0.
MIN > 0, TIME == 0
(blocking read
)-
read(2) blocks until MIN bytes are available, and returns up to the number of bytes requested.
MIN == 0, TIME > 0
(read with timeout
)-
TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second. The timer is started when read(2) is called. read(2) returns either when at least one byte of data is available, or when the timer expires. If the timer expires without any input becoming available, read(2) returns 0. If data is already available at the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call.
MIN > 0, TIME > 0
(read with interbyte timeout
)-
TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second. Once an initial byte of input becomes available, the timer is restarted after each further byte is received. read(2) returns when any of the following conditions is met:
Because the timer is started only after the initial byte becomes available, at least one byte will be read. If data is already available at the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call.
POSIX does not specify whether the setting of the
O_NONBLOCK
file status flag
takes precedence over the MIN and TIME settings. If
O_NONBLOCK
is set, a
read(2) in noncanonical
mode may return immediately, regardless of the setting of
MIN or TIME. Furthermore, if no data is available, POSIX
permits a read(2) in noncanonical
mode to return either 0, or −1 with errno
set to EAGAIN.
Raw mode
cfmakeraw
() sets the
terminal to something like the raw mode of the old
Version 7 terminal driver: input is available character by
character, echoing is disabled, and all special processing
of terminal input and output characters is disabled. The
terminal attributes are set as follows:
termios_p−>c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP | INLCR | IGNCR | ICRNL | IXON); termios_p−>c_oflag &= ~OPOST; termios_p−>c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN); termios_p−>c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB); termios_p−>c_cflag |= CS8;
Line control
tcsendbreak
() transmits a
continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a specific
duration, if the terminal is using asynchronous serial data
transmission. If duration
is zero, it
transmits zero-valued bits for at least 0.25 seconds, and
not more that 0.5 seconds. If duration
is not zero, it
sends zero-valued bits for some implementation-defined
length of time.
If the terminal is not using asynchronous serial data
transmission, tcsendbreak
()
returns without taking any action.
tcdrain
() waits until all
output written to the object referred to by fd
has been transmitted.
tcflush
() discards data
written to the object referred to by fd
but not transmitted, or
data received but not read, depending on the value of
queue_selector
:
TCIFLUSH
-
flushes data received but not read.
TCOFLUSH
-
flushes data written but not transmitted.
TCIOFLUSH
-
flushes both data received but not read, and data written but not transmitted.
tcflow
() suspends
transmission or reception of data on the object referred to
by fd
, depending on
the value of action
:
TCOOFF
-
suspends output.
TCOON
-
restarts suspended output.
TCIOFF
-
transmits a STOP character, which stops the terminal device from transmitting data to the system.
TCION
-
transmits a START character, which starts the terminal device transmitting data to the system.
The default on open of a terminal file is that neither its input nor its output is suspended.
Line speed
The baud rate functions are provided for getting and
setting the values of the input and output baud rates in
the termios structure. The
new values do not take effect until tcsetattr
() is successfully called.
Setting the speed to B0
instructs the modem to hang up. The actual bit rate
corresponding to B38400
may
be altered with setserial(8).
The input and output baud rates are stored in the termios structure.
cfgetospeed
() returns the
output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed to by
termios_p
.
cfsetospeed
() sets the
output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed to by
termios_p
to
speed
, which must
be one of these constants:
B0
B50
B75
B110
B134
B150
B200
B300
B600
B1200
B1800
B2400
B4800
B9600
B19200
B38400
B57600
B115200
B230400
The zero baud rate, B0
, is
used to terminate the connection. If B0 is specified, the
modem control lines shall no longer be asserted. Normally,
this will disconnect the line. CBAUDEX
is a mask for the speeds beyond
those defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above). Thus,
B57600
& CBAUDEX
is nonzero.
cfgetispeed
() returns the
input baud rate stored in the termios structure.
cfsetispeed
() sets the
input baud rate stored in the termios structure to speed
, which must be
specified as one of the Bnnn
constants listed above for cfsetospeed
(). If the input baud rate is
set to zero, the input baud rate will be equal to the
output baud rate.
cfsetspeed
() is a 4.4BSD
extension. It takes the same arguments as cfsetispeed
(), and sets both input and
output speed.
RETURN VALUE
cfgetispeed
() returns the
input baud rate stored in the termios structure.
cfgetospeed
() returns the
output baud rate stored in the termios structure.
All other functions return:
0
-
on success.
- −1
-
on failure and set
errno
to indicate the error.
Note that tcsetattr
()
returns success if any
of the
requested changes could be successfully carried out.
Therefore, when making multiple changes it may be necessary
to follow this call with a further call to tcgetattr
() to check that all changes have
been performed successfully.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
Interface | Attribute | Value |
tcgetattr (), tcsetattr (), tcdrain (), tcflush (), tcflow (), tcsendbreak (), cfmakeraw (), cfgetispeed (), cfgetospeed (), cfsetispeed (), cfsetospeed (), cfsetspeed () |
Thread safety | MT-Safe |
CONFORMING TO
tcgetattr
(), tcsetattr
(), tcsendbreak
(), tcdrain
(), tcflush
(), tcflow
(), cfgetispeed
(), cfgetospeed
(), cfsetispeed
(), and cfsetospeed
() are specified in
POSIX.1-2001.
cfmakeraw
() and cfsetspeed
() are nonstandard, but available
on the BSDs.
NOTES
UNIX V7 and several later systems have a list of baud rates where after the fourteen values B0, ..., B9600 one finds the two constants EXTA, EXTB (External A and External B). Many systems extend the list with much higher baud rates.
The effect of a nonzero duration
with tcsendbreak
() varies. SunOS specifies a
break of duration * N
seconds, where N
is at least
0.25, and not more than 0.5. Linux, AIX, DU, Tru64 send a
break of duration
milliseconds. FreeBSD and NetBSD and HP-UX and MacOS ignore
the value of duration
. Under Solaris and
UnixWare, tcsendbreak
() with
nonzero duration
behaves like tcdrain
().
BUGS
On the Alpha architecture before Linux 4.16 (and glibc
before 2.28), the XTABS
value
was different from TAB3
and it
was ignored by the N_TTY
line
discipline code of the terminal driver as a result (because
as it wasn_zsingle_quotesz_t part of the TABDLY
mask).
SEE ALSO
reset(1), setterm(1), stty(1), tput(1), tset(1), tty(1), ioctl_console(2), ioctl_tty(2), setserial(8)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 5.04 of the Linux man-pages
project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs,
and the latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man−pages/.
Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michaelmoria.de) Fri Apr 2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993 %%%LICENSE_START(GPLv2+_DOC_FULL) This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The GNU General Public License_zsingle_quotesz_s references to object code and executables are to be interpreted as the output of any document formatting or typesetting system, including intermediate and printed output. This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this manual; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. %%%LICENSE_END Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faithcs.unc.edu> Modified 1995-02-25 by Jim Van Zandt <jrvvanzandt.mv.com> Modified 1995-09-02 by Jim Van Zandt <jrvvanzandt.mv.com> moved to man3, aeb, 950919 Modified 2001-09-22 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpagesgmail.com> Modified 2001-12-17, aeb Modified 2004-10-31, aeb 2006-12-28, mtk: Added .SS headers to give some structure to this page; and a small amount of reordering. Added a section on canonical and noncanonical mode. Enhanced the discussion of raw mode for cfmakeraw(). Document CMSPAR. |